Swedish academic researchers have set out a new concept for rechargeable batteries made of cement, which they claim could enable a twenty-storey concrete building to store energy like a giant battery.
The concept has been developed by a research team from the Department of Architecture and Civil Engineering at Chalmers University of Technology in Sweden, who say that the ever-growing need for sustainable building materials poses great challenges for researchers.
Doctor Emma Zhang, formerly of Chalmers University of Technology, joined Professor Luping Tang’s research group several years ago to search for the building materials of the future. They say they have now succeeded in developing a world-first concept for a rechargeable cement-based battery.
The concept involves first a cement-based mixture, with small amounts of short carbon fibres added to increase the conductivity and flexural toughness. Then, embedded within the mixture is a metal-coated carbon fibre mesh – iron for the anode, and nickel for the cathode. After much experimentation, this is the prototype which the researchers now present.
Zhang comments: “Results from earlier studies investigating concrete battery technology showed very low performance, so we realised we had to think out of the box, to come up with another way to produce the electrode. This particular idea that we have developed – which is also rechargeable – has never been explored before. Now we have proof of concept at lab scale.”
The research has produced a rechargeable cement-based battery with an average energy density of 7 Watthours per square metre (or 0.8 Watthours per litre). Energy density is used to express the capacity of the battery, and the researchers say a modest estimate is that the performance of the new Chalmers battery could be more than ten times that of earlier attempts at concrete batteries. They add that the energy density is still low in comparison to commercial batteries, but this limitation could be overcome thanks to the huge volume at which the battery could be constructed when used in buildings.
The teams says the fact that the battery is rechargeable is its most important quality, and the possibilities for utilisation if the concept is further developed and commercialised are “almost staggering”.
Energy storage is an one possiblity they highlight, while monitoring is another. The researchers see applications that could range from powering LEDs, providing 4G connections in remote areas, or cathodic protection against corrosion in concrete infrastructure.
“It could also be coupled with solar cell panels for example, to provide electricity and become the energy source for monitoring systems in highways or bridges, where sensors operated by a concrete battery could detect cracking or corrosion,” says Zhang.
The researchers say the concept of using structures and buildings in this way could be revolutionary, because it would offer an alternative solution to the energy crisis, by providing a large volume of energy storage. Concrete, which is formed by mixing cement with other ingredients, is the world’s most commonly used building material. From a sustainability perspective, it is far from ideal, but research team believes the potential to add functionality to it could offer a new dimension.
Zhang comments: “We have a vision that in the future this technology could allow for whole sections of multi-storey buildings made of functional concrete. Considering that any concrete surface could have a layer of this electrode embedded, we are talking about enormous volumes of functional concrete.”
The concept is still at a very early stage. The technical questions remaining to be solved before commercialisation of the technique can be a reality include extending the service life of the battery, and the development of recycling techniques.
“We are convinced this concept makes for a great contribution to allowing future building materials to have additional functions such as renewable energy sources,” says Tang.
